To test you self with the Case studies. Click on a Case Study link. Read the story and answer the questions. When you have answered the questions, submit your answers to me via the email response form. I will endeavor to return the answered questions and correct answers to you in (hopefully) 48 hours. Thanks Chuck
On the way back to the station Eric and his partner say nothing to each other as they both consider why they volunteer.Once in his private vehicle, Eric considers what he will tell his daughter, whose best friend is the sister of the four year old who was killed.Eric feels a knot in his stomach and pulls over to the side of the road and vomits.Eric’s hands are shaky; he feels that familiar headache and knows he is in for yet another sleepless night.Eric is now unable to concentrate on his studying and sits down on the front step to drink a few beers and wait for his family to return home.
1. Eric is most likely a victim of:A. Eustress.B. Commutative StressC. Critical incident stress.D. B and CE. None of the above.
2.Which of the following critical events relate to Eric’s current situation:A. Death of a childB. Line of duty death.C. Identification with the victim.D. A and C.E. All of the above.
3.Physical responses to stress include all of the following except:A. Increased heart rate and blood pressure.B. Shortness of breath.C. Increased use of alcohol.D. Muffled hearing.E. Headaches.
4.Warning signs of cumulative stress include:A. Ulcers.B. Intense depression.C. Apathy.D. Cardiac problems.
5.Chronic work stressors for most prehospital care workers include:A. Shift work.B. Boredom.C. Need to be liked by others.D. Uncontrollable environment.E. All of the above.
6.Critical Incident Stress Defusing can be helpful in dealing with cumulative stress.A. True.B. False
7.Signs and symptoms of acute stress may manifest themselves in.A. Cognitive changes.B. Emotional changes.C. Behavioral changes.D. Physical changes.E. All of the above.
8.Post traumatic stress disorder is an abnormal response to an abnormal event.A. TrueB. False
9.The diagnosis of P.T.S.D. can be made only if the signs and symptoms of disturbance from a particularly bad event last a month or more.A. TrueB. False
10.Critical Incident Stress Debriefing is a form of psychotherapy.A. TrueB. False
11.C.I.S.D. should be implemented any time:A. You have a difficult call.B. The patient dies.C. Equipment malfunctions.D. The crew feels it would be helpful.
12.C.I.S.D. achieves its best effects when it is offered:A. Within the first three hours after the incident.B. One week after the incident.C. Within the first 12 hours after the incident.D. Between 24 and 72 hours after the incident.
13.During a C.I.S.D.:A. A break should be scheduled.B. Notes should be taken to provide accuracy.C. Pagers and/or radios are turned off.D. Everyone must speak before the session is concluded.
14.A C.I.S.D. team should include:A. Peer support personnel.B. Mental health professionals.C. A management representative.D. A and B.E. A and C.
15.C.I.S.D. can be used for industries, schools, and communities as well as emergency services.A. TrueB. False
16.The most effective size for C.I.S.D. is:A. 4 or less people.B. 4-20 people.C. 2-20 people.D. 2-30 people.
17.The typical C.I.S.D. lasts approximately:A. As long as it takes to get everyone to speak.B. 30 minutes.C. 2½-3 hours.D. 3½-4½ hours.
18.The C.I.S.D. team should provide follow-up services:A. After any defusing or debriefing.B. Only after a debriefing, not a defusing.C. Only in the group format.D. None of these is correct.
19.Types of follow-up services a C.I.S.D. team should provide include:A. Phone calls.B. Individual consults.C. Home visits.D. All of the above.E. A and B only.
20.In comparison to debriefings, defusing:A. Are shorter.B. Last about 30-40 minutes.C. Are less structured.D. All of the above.E. A and B only.
21.A well run defusing:A. May eliminate the need for a debriefing.B. May enhance formal debriefing.C. Stabilize the crew so they can return to work.D. All of the above.E. B and C are correct.
22.At the scene of a critical incident, peer support members of a C.I.S.D. team:A. Would not be present.B. Give assistance to distressed co-workers.C. Provide in-depth counseling.D. None of the above.
23.In order to maximize workers effectiveness and prevent unnecessary stressors during a disaster:A. Field operations should allow for 30 minutes of rest every two hour period of stressful work.B. Ensure workers stay in the same area or do the same task during the entire rescue operation so they can experience completion.C. Have coffee and donuts available for breaks.D. All of the above.
24.Stress reactions usually diminish if there is opportunity to discuss the events and explore personal feelings about its impact. Stress reactions become a problem and should be discussed with a mental health professional if:A. Reactions last beyond six to eight weeks.B. Symptoms interfere with job functioning.C. Symptoms interfere with family life.D. All of the above.
25.Your service could decrease the incidence of P.T.S.D. by:A. Allowing mental health personnel to ride along to experience your type of work.B. Having a C.I.S.D. access protocol in place.C. Providing stress management training to personnel.D. All of the above.
References:
Mitchell, Jeff Ph.D. and Grady Bray Ph.D.., Emergency Services Stress, Brady New Jersey 1990
Mitchell, Jeffery Ph.D. and George S. Everly Jr. F.A.P.M.; Human Elements Training For Emergency Services, Public Safety and Disaster Personnel; Chevron Publishing Maryland 1994
Van Goethem, Robert H.; Critical Incident Stress Training Document; Alberta Public Safety Services; Alberta 1989
The answers to these questions are industry standards and may not necessarily be correct according to your local protocol.If there is any discrepancy between these answers and local protocol, please follow the protocol from your area as set out by your Medical Director.
Heather MacKenzie-Carey is a paramedic with over 18 years of EMS experience in Nova Scotia and Alberta.She has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Health Education from Dalhousie University, a diploma in Paramedicime from Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, and a certificate of Social Work from the University of Waterloo.Heather is an instructor for the Paramedic Program at Southern Alberta Institute of Technology.She can be reached at geomac@cadvision.comor www.turningpointgroup.com.
This Article is reprinted by permission from the author (Heather MacKenzie-Carey) and the Canadian Emergency News.It originally appeared in the October/November 1996 issue (volume 19, number 5).
Chuck Chivers
1-519-542-8306 Sarnia, Ontario ve3vsa@rac.ca Copyright © August, 1998, Chuck Chivers Revised -- Tuesday, July 16, 2002 12:06:12 http://www.sarnia.com/groups/paramedics/v19n5cs.html