Bhushan et al. American Journal of Public Health, 84;675-686, 1994. (Over 7700 infants and young children visiting the pediatric emergency room of a New York City hospital for 6 months in 1992 were screened for evidence of byproducts of marijuana and cocaine in their urine. 11% tested positive for cocaine or marijuana metabolites.)

Bourdon R. Marihuana: Chemistry, biochemistry, and cellular effects (Nahas, GG., eds.). New York: Springer-Verlag (1976). (Identification and quantitation of cannabinoids in urine by gallium chelate formation.)

British Medical Association, Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis, 1997: p.77 - "cannabis itself is unsuitable for medical use"; "arguments in favour of sanctioning cannabis for medical use have been based mainly on anecdotal reports ... they do not constitute scientific evidence"; p.60 - "smoked cannabis is clearly not a therapeutic option"; p.55 - "hypotension, palpitations and psychotropic effects ..... occurred with such frequency as to militate against the routine use of cannabis in glaucoma"; p.53 - "evidence of a therapeutic potential for cannabinoids for epilepsy is scanty ..... trials have been small, uncontrolled and have given conflicting results"; p.46 - "ineffective in anorexia nervosa"; p.36 - "tremor and hypokinesia was exacerbated ....."; "no beneficial effects for Parkinson's disease or Huntington's disease"; p.32 - "in 10 patients with MS and 10 normal controls ..... cannabis impaired posture and balance in all subjects, ..... patients became further impaired - but some patients noted subjective improvement".

Cabral GA et al. Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 182:181-186, 1986. (Marijuana causes decreased resistance to diseases such as herpes.)

Campbell AMG, Evans M, Thomson JLG, Williams MJ. Lancet 1971;ii: 1219-24. (Cerebral atrophy in young cannabis smokers.)

Charles et al. Clinical Toxicology 14:433-438, 1979. (Marijuana is associated with myocardial infarction and stroke.)

Chesher G, Consroe P, and Musty R, (eds.) Marijuana: An International Research Report. (Monograph Series No. 7. Australian Government Publishing Service. Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia. 1988. 433pp.)

Clayton RR, Cattarello A. NIDA Research Monograph 1991;107:29-56. (Prevention intervention research: challenges and opportunities.)

Cone EJ, Huestis MA. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 1993 Dec;15(6):527-32. (Relating blood concentrations of THC and metabolites to pharmacologic effects and time of marijuana usage.)
 
 
 
 

Crites-Leoni A. Medicinal Use of Marijuana: Is the Debate a Smoke Screen for Movement Toward Legalization? Journal of Legal Medicine 1998; 19;273-304. (Excerpts: "This commentary takes the position that the legalization of medicinal marijuana is unnecessary." "Presentation of marijuana as a medicine that helps people, appears to be an effort by the legalization of marijuana proponents to desensitize the American people to the drug's negative effects. This may cause society to question the illegal status of marijuana." "The potential danger of legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes is clear. Legalization of the drug for medicinal purposes precipitates legalization of the drug on a higher, more reckless scale.")

Diasio RB, Ettinger DS, Satterthwaite RN. Oral levonantradol in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced emesis: preliminary observations. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21 (suppl 8-9):81-5S. (The incidence of adverse effects is high - a third of patients in some studies experiencing dysphoria and 90% somnolence.)

Eber, GC. The Lancet, Vol 343, January 29, 1994. (This extremely complete review of multiple sclerosis therapy puts to rest any contention that smoked marijuana is good for this disorder and can be given without side effects. There simply are no data to support the safe or effective use of either smoked marijuana or dronabinol for treatment of MS.)

Elsohly MA., Abel CT. Quarterly Report: Potency Project Report No.32, Oct-Dec 1989. University City, Miss: Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences:1990.

Friedman GD, Petitti DB, & Bawol RD. 1983 Am. J. Pub. Health 73(4), 401-05. Prevalence and Correlates of Passive Smoking. (The number of hours per week of passive smoking [tobacco] were directly correlated to alcohol and marijuana use in this study of the extent of passive inhalation of tobacco smoke by 37,881 subjects.)

Greenburg et al. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 55:324-328, 1994. (Study shows multiple sclerosis patients are further impaired by smoking low-THC marijuana.)

Hall W. Addiction: Highs and Lows Lancet 1997, 350:SIII1. (Evaluating the marijuana mortality study by Sidney et al. suggests that marijuana use is a marker for male homosexual behavior. Also points out that the apparent lack of association to mortality is premature because the mean age of follow up was only 43 years old.)

Harrison ER, Haaga J, Richards T. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse 1993; 19(4):423-41. (Self-reported drug use data: what do they reveal?)

Health Council of the Netherlands. Standing Committee on Medicine. Marijuana as Medicine. Rijswijlc Health Council of the Netherlands. 1996 Pub. No. 1996/2. ("On the basis of this literature survey, the Committee has concluded that evidence is insufficient to justify the medical use of marijuana.")

Hendin H, Haas Ap, Singer P, et al. 1987 Living High: Daily Marijuana Use Among Adults. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press, Inc.

Huestis M, Cone E. Forensic Drug Abuse Advisor 1995 Vol.7, Issue 3, pg 20. (Two groups of subjects were given marijuana cigarettes, with two different levels of THC, a naturally occurring substance in marijuana. In both groups, blood cortisol levels peaked after an hour and 15 minutes. Subjects with the higher dose of THC had higher cortisol levels. Levels did not return to normal until five hours after the low dose and nine hours after the high dose.)

Jones R. July 1980 In R. Peterson (ed.) Marijuana Research Findings:1980 (Research Monograph 31). Rockville, Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse. pp.54-80. (Human effects : an overview.)

Jones HC, and Lovinger PW. 1985 Dodd, Mead & Company, NY. 537pp. The Marijuana Question and Science's Search for an Answer. (The authors conclude that "marijuana smoking is dangerous to your health and to society.")

Kaufman Paul L, MD, Madison, Wisconsin. (Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;

116:1512-1513). (However, the duration of action of smoked or ingested marijuana, delta-9-THC (delta-9-THC), or other cannabinoids is unacceptably short: about 3.0 to 3.5 hours. To treat glaucoma, IOP must be controlled around the clock, and thus patient compliance becomes a serious issue. For marijuana to be a viable therapy, it would have to be smoked every 3 hours, and getting patients to put drops in their eyes even a few times a day is very difficult. Furthermore, there is the question of whether cannabinoids can work topically. The supposedly active compound delta-9-THC does not lower IOP when applied topically. Another problem not recognized as relevant to glaucoma 20 or 25 years ago is marijuana's ability to reduce blood pressure. Depending on dosage, frequency, and user experience, the reduction can be rather substantial. Blood flow to the optic nerve may be important to the nerve's health, especially in an adverse environment. In an eye with elevated IOP, or an optic nerve that is not doing well and has unusual susceptibility to changes in IOP, reduced blood flow may be a very important factor in the progression of glaucoma.)

Lex BW. Health Psychology 1991; 10(2):121-32. (Some gender differences in alcohol and polysubstance users.)

Lukas and colleagues. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, Vol. 48: 715-721,1994. (The dangerous side effects of cocaine are amplified when used in conjunction with marijuana. The study found that the increase in heart rate due to cocaine was markedly enhanced if preceded by smoking marijuana, and that the time to the cocaine high was reduced from 2 minutes to 1 minute. There was double the amount of drug absorption evident when marijuana use preceded cocaine use.)

Lukas SE, Mendelson JH, Benedikt R. Drug And Alcohol Dependence 1995 37 N2 Feb 131-140. Journal Article. (Electroencephalographic Correlates Of Marijuana-Induced Euphoria.)

Mathew RJ. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1992;86:173-178. (Middle cerebral artery velocity during upright posture after marijuana smoking.)

McGeer PC, Jakubovic A. Ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced by marihuana. In: Nahas GG, Paton WDM, eds. Marihuana: biological effects. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979:519-31.

Merrit JC, Perry DD, Russel DN, Jones BF. Topical Delta-9-THC and aqueous dynamics in glaucoma. J Clin Pharmacol 1981;21 (suppl 8-9):467-71S. (Oral cannabinoids are probably unsuitable for lowering intraocular tension in glaucoma.)

Moreland et al. Journal of forensic Sciences 30:997-1002, 1985. (Symptoms consistent with cocaine toxicity in infants and toddlers exposed to smoke of cannabinoids and free base cocaine.)

Nahas, Sutin, Harvey and Agurell. Marijuana and Medicine. Chapter 43, page 537 of the book edited by Waster and Martin state: "As far as the analgesic effectiveness of delta-9-THC and the four THC derivates is concerned, one must question whether it is, in fact, true analgesia. The evidence found in the literature on the analgesic action of THC is not consistent."

Omoluabi PF. International Journal of the Addictions 1995 Mar;30(4):445-58. (A review of the incidence of non-prescription psychoactive substance use / misuse in Nigeria.)

Petraitis J, Flay BR, Miller TQ. Psychological Bulletin 1995 Jan;117(1): 67-86. (Reviewing theories of adolescent substance use: organizing pieces in the puzzle.)

Polen MR, Sidney S, Tekawa IS, Sadler M. Western Journal of Medicine. 1993; 158:596-601. (Health care use by frequent marijuana smokers who do not smoke tobacco.)

Reddy DC, Singh SP, Tiwari IC, Shukla KP, Srivastava MK. Indian Journal of Public Health 1993 Jan-Mar;37(1):10-5 . (An epidemiological study of cannabis abuse among college students of Varanasi.)

Schwartz RH. Marijuana: an overview. Pediatric clinics of North America. 1987;34:305-317. (Poorly educated subjects or field hands, non peer reviewed journals, in one study higher rates of absenteeism, delinquency, and reformatories in Costa Rica.)

Schwartz RH. Amer. J. Dis. Child. 1989;143(6), 644. Passive Inhalation of Marijuana, Phencyclidine, and Freebase Cocaine 'Crack' by Infants. (A physician suggests the use of urinalysis for drugs of abuse in the evaluation of puzzling neurologic symptoms in infants. Passive inhalation of crack has caused neurologic symptoms and seizures in infants. Passive inhalation of marijuana has caused sedation in infants.)

Schwartz RH, Beveridge RA, Marijuana as an Antiemetic Drug: How Useful Is It Today? Opinions from Clinical Oncologists. Journal of Addictive Diseases. 1994;13:53-65. (1500 adult medical oncologists surveyed. Only 12% of respondents had ever recommended crude marijuana to patients and only 1% had recommended it more than 5 times.)

Schwartz RH, Voth EA, Sheridan MJ. Marijuana to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients: A Survey of Clinical Oncologists. Southern Medical Journal 1997: 90;167-172. (1500 Adult medical oncologists surveyed. Only 12% of respondents had ever recommended crude marijuana to patients and only 1% had recommended it more than 5 times.)

Soderstrom CA, Trifilis AL, Shankar BS, et al.1988 Arch Surg 123:733-737. (Marijuana and alcohol use among 1,023 patients.)

St. Pierre TL, Kaltreider DL, Mark MM, Aikin KJ. American Journal of Community Psychology 1992 Dec;20(6): 673-706. (Drug prevention in a community setting: a longitudinal study of the relative effectiveness of a three year primary prevention program in boys & girls clubs across the nation.)

Struve FA, Patrick G, Straumanis JJ, Fitz-Gerald MJ, Manno J . Clin Electroencephalogr 1998 Jan;29(1): 31-36. (EEG sequelae of very long duration marihuana use: pilot findings from topographic quantitative EEG analyses of subjects with 15 to 24 years of cumulative daily exposure to THC demonstrated abnormalities.)

Volicer L, Stelly M, Morris J, McLaughlin J, Volicer B. Effects of Dronabinol on anorexia and disturbed behavior in patients with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997; 12:913-919. (Improvement of anorexia. No need for smoking marijuana.)

Voth EA, Brookoff D. Book Review of Marijuana The Forbidden Medicine. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1994; 120:348.

Voth EA, Schwartz RH. Medicinal applications of delta 9 THC and marijuana: a perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997: 126:791-8

Zachariah SB, Stroke 22:406-409, 1991. (Marijuana is associated with myocardial infarction and stroke.)

Zeidenberg P, Bourdon R, Nahas GG. American Journal of Psychiatry 134: 76-77 (1977). (Marijuana intoxication by passive inhalation: Documentation by detection of urinary metabolites.)